Category Archives: Английский язык

LESSON 1
TYPES OF PROPRIETORSHIP
Text
A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These
forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The
sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. For
example, more than 80 per cent of all businesses in the United States are sole
proprietorships.
But it is evident that sole proprietorships do not do the greatest volume
of business. They account for only 16 percent of all business receipts, for
example, in America. What kind of business is likely to be a sole
proprietorship? First of all, service industries such as Laundromats, beauty
shops, different repair shops, restaurants.
Active Vocabulary

business
to own
sole
proprietorship
partnership
corporation
volume
receipt
service industry
to account for
Laundromat
repair shop
дело
владеть
индивидуальная предпринимательская деятельность,
частное предприятие
партнерство
корпорация
объем, количество
денежные поступления
сфера обслуживания
составлять, насчитывать
автоматическая прачечная самообслуживания
мастерская 

Comprehension Questions

1. What are three different ways that a business can be privately owned?
2. What forms do most European countries have?
3. What forms did the businesses in the USSR have?
4. Name some businesses that are likely to be sole proprietorships. Why do
you think so?
5. Name some businesses that are not likely to be sole proprietorship? Why
do you think so?
3

1. Small … are very often service industries.
2. The … industries don’t produce material goods.
3. More than 80 per cent of all business … are not
from sole proprietorships.
4. Less than 20 per cent of European businesses are
partnerships or … .
5. Sole proprietorships … only a small part of all
business receipts.
6. Is this bank owned publicly or … ?
7. There are three … of business ownership. 

Dialogue
Jim: Hi, Alice. How are you getting on?
Alice: Fine, as usual, thanks, Jim. What about you?
Jim: I’m O.K. It’s nice to see you.
a) receipts
b) businesses
c) service
d) privately
e) account for
f) corporations
g) forms

Alice: You too. I’m glad you are not in a hurry and we have time to talk
today.
Jim: Sure.
Alice: Can you give me a piece of advice?
Jim: Well, I’ll try if I can.
Alice: You know I’ve been always good at cooking. It interests me. I am
thinking of starting my own business – cafй.
Jim: It might be a good idea.
Alice: I guess I must learn about the responsibilities of going into business.
Jim: Are you going into this business by yourself?
Alice: Exactly. I’d like to have a cafe with my name on it where I make the
decisions and where I control the profits.
Jim: You seem to be resolute so I’ll try to help you. If you go into business
alone, it is called sole proprietorship. In such case you needn’t consult
a lawyer to form the business. You can start or you can stop your
business whenever you like.
Alice: It sounds encouraging. What else can you tell me?
Jim: There is no need to consult partners or a Board of directors. So you can
put your policies into effect quickly. You decide on your vacation,
hours, salary, hiring and firing.
4

Alice: Well, that’s not bad.
Jim: Wait a moment. I believe I have to tell you about the risk involved.
Alice: What do you mean?
Jim: First of all, the most important risk is that you have unlimited liability.
It means that you are responsible for all your business debts.
Alice: So if the business fails, I have to declare personal bankruptcy, don’t I?
Jim: That’s what I mean. You can lose your personal assets.
Alice: Well, it’s rather disappointing. What other things should I know?
Jim: You won’t get tax benefits which partnerships or corporations can get.
Alice: I know about it. By the way do you know of a good accountant to do
my taxes?
Jim: Of course. You’ll also have to hire a good book-keeper if you can’t do
your books yourself.
Alice: I can’t say anything definite about that. I have to think it over. What
else,

Иностранный язык – один из немногих предметов, изучение которых обязательно во всех вузах. Владение иностранным языком необходимо специалисту любого профиля, так как способствует поиску,
извлечению и широкому практическому использованию информации
из разных источников, обеспечивает возможность контактов с зарубежными коллегами. Процесс изучения иностранного языка чрезвычайно развивает мыслительные способности, тренирует память, расширяет кругозор.
Курс заочного обучения английскому языку предполагает выработку следующих навыков и умений:
– чтение литературы по специальности на английском языке с
целью извлечения необходимой информации;
– перевод текстов по специальности с английского языка на
русский;
– беседа на английском языке на темы, связанные со специальностью.
В соответствии с действующими учебными планами на курс заочного обучения английскому языку отводится 50–60 часов аудиторных занятий (установочных, контрольно-закрепительных, итоговых)
и около 300 часов самостоятельной (внеаудиторной) работы. Количество учебных часов может быть несколько уменьшено или увеличено в зависимости от факультета и специальности.
Программа по английскому языку включает лексический и грамматический материал, необходимый для чтения и понимания литературы по специальности.
Программа предполагает преемственность вузовского курса обучения по отношению к школьному, при этом нами учтена возможность возобновить изучение английского языка после значительного
перерыва, вызвавшего утрату большинства навыков и умений.

ПРОГРАММА КУРСА

Фонетика
Фонетический строй английского языка. Система гласных. Система
согласных. Основные правила чтения букв и буквосочетаний. Ударение. Членение речевого потока. Ритмическая группа. Синтагма. Основные интонационные типы.

Лексика
Морфологическая структура слова. Словообразовательные модели.
Префиксальное и суффиксальное словообразование. Роль суффиксов в
распознавании частей речи. Интернациональные префиксы и суффиксы. Переход слов из одной части речи в другую. «Ложные друзья» переводчика. Понятие фразеологического оборота. Идиома. Синонимы, антонимы, омонимы. Сокращения.
К концу обучения лексический минимум должен составить примерно 2000–2500 единиц. В этот минимум не входят слова и выражения,
усвоенные в средней школе (не менее 350 единиц) и интернациональная лексика (т. е. слова, имеющие сходное звучание и одинаковое значение в русском и английском языках).

Грамматика

Морфология
Артикль. Определенный, неопределенный артикль. Опущение артикля.
Имя существительное. Грамматические категории числа и падежа
имен существительных. Род существительных.
Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных.

РА R T I

UNIT 1. THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMICS
Read the international words and guess their meanings:
Economic activity, economic system, macroeconomics, microeconomics,
to produce, to operate, to protect, to analyze, to finance, to manufacture, to
specialize, to focus, to affect, service, school, hospital, garage, fact, base,
production, material, industry, radio, strategy, status, export, import, institution,
distribution, division, investment, history, organization, period, spectrum,
agriculture, essential, basic, industrialized, oriented (policy), national, financial,
social, major, fact, base, total, primarily, public.

Text 1.1
Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

in order to
goods and services
to provide services
either… or….
both… and…
to make up
commodity
– для того, чтобы
– товары и услуги
– предоставлять (оказывать) услуги
– или… или, либо… либо…
– как…, так и …
– составлять
– товар (сырьевой)

Read and translate the Text into Russian.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Most people work in order to earn their living.
They produce goods and services.
Goods are either produced on farms, like maize and milk, or in factories,
like cars and paper.
Services are provided by such things as schools, hospitals and shops.
Some people provide goods, some provide services.
Other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same
garage, a man may buy a car or he may buy some service which helps him to
maintain his car.
The work which people do is called their economic activity.
Economic activities make up the economic system.
The economic system is the sum-total of what people do and what they
want.
1

The work which people undertake either provides what they need or provides
them with money.
People buy essential commodities with money.
Notes:
the sum-total – общая сумма
EXERCISES
Give Russian equivalents to the following:
To earn their living, goods like maize, services are provided by …, to
provide both goods and services, to maintain a car, the work which people
undertake, to buy with money, essential commodities.
Complete these sentences with the words given below and translate
them into Russian:
essential commodities, provide, undertake, maintain, the sum-total
1. People buy ……. with money.
2. Some people ……., some …. services.
3. The work which people … provides what they need.
4. Some service may help a man … a car.
5. The economic system is ….. of what people do and what they want.
Complete the sentences:
1. Most people work………..
2. Economic activities make up………
3. Economic activity is …………………
4. Economic system is……….
5. A man may buy some service which……
Answer some questions on the Text:
1. Why do most people work?
2. What do they produce?
3. Where are goods produced?
4. What do schools, hospitals and shops provide?
5. What two different things can a man buy in, for instance, a garage?
6. What do we call the work which people do?
7. What is an economic system the sum-total of?
8. What two things can work provide for the market?
9. What can people buy with money?

Text 1.2
Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
to affect smth., smb. – влиять на что-либо, действовать на кого-либо
2

to describe
to explain
scientific
– описывать
– объяснить
– научный

to be concerned with – быть связанным с, иметь отношение,
касаться чего-либо

Read and translate the Text into Russian.
THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMICS
Economics is a science.
This science is based upon the facts of our everyday lives.
Economists study our everyday lives. They study the system which affects
our lives.
The economist tries to describe the facts of the economy in which we live.
He tries to explain how the system works.
His methods should be objective and scientific.
We need food, clothes and shelter.
If we could get food, clothes and shelter without working, we probably
would not work.
But even when we have these essential things, we may want other things.
If we had them, these other things (like radios, books and toys for children)
might make life more enjoyable.
The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs and wants.
It is not just concerned with basic needs like food, clothes and shelter.
EXERCISES
Give Russian equivalents to the following:
to be based upon, to affect our lives, to describe the facts, to explain how
the system works, objective, probably, essential things, make life more
enjoyable, to be concerned with, basic needs
Complete these sentences with the words